Sedative-hypnotic addiction is an intense craving or need to consume drugs that depress the central nervous system despite the negative impacts it has on its users. Sedatives are typically prescribed to treat anxiety and sleep disorders but also cause dependency.
Signs of sedative-hypnotic addiction include increased dosage beyond prescription, using the drug without a prescription, and a desperate need to obtain and use the drug. Other indicators involve withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, or tremors when not taking the drug, impaired cognitive functions, and neglect of personal and professional responsibilities.
The causes of sedative-hypnotic addiction occur from prolonged use, genetic predisposition, a history of substance abuse, mental health disorders, chronic stress or trauma, and easy access to these medications.
Treatment strategies for sedative-hypnotic addiction focus on a combination of medical detox, behavioral therapies, and support groups.
Table of Contents
What Is Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction?
Sedative-hypnotic addiction is characterised by a heavy craving, urge, or compulsive need to consume drugs that depress the human central nervous system despite its negative consequences. It is a condition where an individual becomes dependent on sedative medications commonly prescribed for the management of sleep disorders and anxiety.
According to the National Drug and Intelligence Center’s ‘Information Brief: Prescription Drug Abuse and Youth,’ Among teenagers 12-17 years old, admissions for sedative/hypnotic abuse increased from 95 in 1995 to 118 in 1997, then decreased slightly to 113 in 1999. The compulsive use of these drugs despite harmful consequences characterizes the addiction.
Sedatives include drugs such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other sleep aids. These medications function by reducing brain activity, promoting relaxation and sleep. Regular use leads to tolerance, necessitating higher doses to achieve the same calming effects, which often progresses to addiction.
What Are The Signs Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction?
7 signs of sedative-hypnotic addiction are increased dosage, unauthorized use, preoccupation with the drug, withdrawal symptoms, impaired control, continued use despite problems, and neglect of responsibilities.
- Increased Dosage: Individuals frequently take more of the medication than prescribed to achieve the same effects due to tolerance developing over time.
- Unauthorized Use: Using the drug without a prescription or obtaining it through illegal means indicates a reliance that goes beyond medical need.
- Preoccupation with the Drug: A considerable amount of time is spent thinking, obtaining, using, and recovering from the drug’s effects.
- Withdrawal Symptoms: When the drug is not taken, symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, sweating, tremors, and potentially severe withdrawal effects like seizures may occur.
- Neglect of Responsibilities: Addiction leads to neglecting professional, academic, social, or personal responsibilities.
- Continued Use Despite Problems: Despite facing health issues, relationship conflicts, or legal troubles, the person persists in using the drug.
- Impaired Control: There is a persistent urge or unsuccessful attempts to reduce or control the use of the medication.
What Are The Causes Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction?
The 5 causes of sedative-hypnotic addiction are long-term use, bad prescription practices, underlying genetic factors, social factors, and mental health disorders. According to Renee D. Goodwin et al.s, ‘Sedative use and misuse,’ sedatives are associated with high levels of psychopathology and suicide risk.
- Long-term Use: Extended use of sedative-hypnotics often leads to physical dependence. As the body becomes accustomed to the drug, higher doses are required to achieve the same effect, paving the way for addiction.
- Bad Prescription Practices: Overprescription or inadequate monitoring by healthcare providers contributes to the onset of addiction as patients have access to larger quantities of these medications.
- Underlying Genetic Factors: Individuals with a family history of addiction are at higher risk. Genetic predispositions affect how substances are metabolized and influence addictive behaviors.
- Mental Health Disorders: People with anxiety, depression, or other mental health issues might use sedative hypnotics to self-medicate, increasing the risk of addiction.
- Social Influence: Influence from peers or social circles that use or promote the use of sedative-hypnotics encourages individuals to start or continue using these substances.
According to NHSDA data from 2000, 0.8 percent of 12- to 17-year-olds of young people abused sedatives at least once in their lifetime.
What Are The Effects Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction?
Three ways in which Sedative-hypnotic addiction affects its users are behavioral, physical, and psychological. According to the American addiction center, a chronic stimulant user is also at high risk of developing tolerance to, dependence on, and, eventually, addiction to stimulants.
The Physical Effects Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction
Sedative-hypnotic addiction affects its user’s physical health, with respiratory depression, reduced heart rate, dependency, gastrointestinal issues, and disrupted sleep patterns. Prolonged use of sedative-hypnotics often leads to slowed breathing, which reduces oxygen levels, affecting overall health. It also significantly lowers cardiovascular functions, posing risks of heart-related issues.
In a 2019 study published by Geriatrics & Gerontology International, which followed 752 older adults with hypertension from 2008 to 2010 and then from 2012 to 2013, it was found that regular use of sleeping pills was associated with the need for an increasing number of blood pressure medications over time.
Regular sedative-hypnotic use also builds physical dependence, necessitating the drug for normal function, with severe withdrawal symptoms like tremors and seizures when intake is stopped. Sedative hypnotic addicts frequently experience problems such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Ironically, despite the drug’s initial use for inducing sleep, long-term use alters natural sleep architecture, leading to poor-quality sleep.
The Behavioral Effects Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction
The behavioral effects of sedative-hypnotic addiction are impaired judgment and decision-making, increased risk-taking behavior, social withdrawal, neglect of responsibilities, and legal problems. The soothing effects cloud judgment, leading to poor decision-making in personal and professional contexts. A lowered inhibition also encourages more risky behaviors like driving while high or engaging in unsafe practices.
Individuals addicted to sedative-hypnotics tend to isolate themselves from family and friends, focusing more on drug acquisition and use. This isolation often leads to a reduction in performance at work or school and neglect of household duties. Finally, engaging in illegal activities to obtain drugs often leads to encounters with the law.
The Psychological Effects Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction
Five ways sedative-hypnotic addiction affects its users are;
- Mood fluctuations
- Anxiety and paranoia
- Difficulties in concentration, memory loss, and slowed mental function
- Depression
- Psychological dependence
What Are The Effects Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction On The Brain?
Sedative-hypnotic addiction affects the brain by disrupting neurotransmitter imbalance, cognitive decline, structural changes, dependency, withdrawal effects, and mood alterations.
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, a stimulant use disorder changes a person’s brain in two major ways. One is neurotoxic, and the other way is by triggering the addiction process. These effects impact both the brain’s structure and function.
Sedative hypnotics primarily affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is responsible for reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. Chronic use alters GABA receptors, leading to decreased natural production of GABA and increased tolerance to the drugs, which causes users to consume higher doses to achieve the same effects.
These substances impair cognitive functions over time, leading to problems with memory, attention, and decision-making—the brain struggles to perform tasks that were previously manageable, affecting learning and daily functioning.
Long-term use of sedative hypnotics also leads to changes in brain structure, including reductions in brain volume. These structural changes are particularly evident in areas critical for cognition and memory, such as the cortex and hippocampus.
The brain becomes dependent on sedative hypnotics to function normally. When the drugs are discontinued, severe withdrawal symptoms occur, including rebound insomnia and anxiety, increased heart rate, and, in severe cases, seizures. These symptoms reflect the brain’s struggle to readjust to the absence of the drug.
Chronic use of sedative-hypnotics leads to mood instability, depression, and anxiety. As the brain’s chemistry and function are altered, individuals experience significant mood swings and emotional disturbances.
What Are The Withdrawal Effects Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction?
Five withdrawal symptoms from sedative-hypnotic addiction are insomnia, increased anxiety, tremors, sweating, nausea, and headaches. These symptoms tend to be severe and vary depending on the duration of use, dosage, and individual health.
- Insomnia: Since these drugs are often used to promote sleep, suddenly stopping them makes it difficult to fall or stay asleep.
According to Mia Yamamoto and colleagues’ 2020 ‘Current State of Hypnotic Use Disorders’ survey, Because of anxiety over insomnia symptoms and withdrawal symptoms, patients on BZ‐RA sedatives continue to use the drugs without having intended to do so.
- Increased Anxiety and Panic Attacks: Withdrawal exacerbates feelings of anxiety, leading to heightened states of panic and discomfort.
- Tremors: Physical shaking, especially in the hands, is a common withdrawal symptom, reflecting the body’s dependency on the substance to maintain nervous system stability.
- Sweating: Excessive sweating, even without physical exertion, is typical during the addiction detox process from sedatives.
- Nausea and Vomiting: Digestive distress is often a reaction to the sudden absence of the drug in the system.
Other withdrawal symptoms include;
- Muscle Aches and Headaches
- Seizures
- Hallucinations or delusions during withdrawal from high doses of sedative-hypnotics
- Irritability and mood swings
- Heart palpitations
What Are The Treatments For Sedative-Hypnotic Overdose?
Treating a sedative-hypnotic overdose requires immediate medical attention to manage the life-threatening risks associated with such an event. The first step is to call emergency services immediately. Provide clear information about the situation, including the type of drug taken, the amount, and the time of ingestion.
Medical professionals will ensure that the victim’s airway is clear and that they are breathing adequately. It involves positioning the person to prevent choking or providing oxygen or mechanical ventilation if breathing is compromised.
It is crucial to continuously monitor vital signs such as heart and respiratory rate, as well as blood pressure. Medical staff will also regularly assess neurological status to respond to any changes. If the patient arrives at the hospital soon after ingestion, activated charcoal may be used to reduce drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
In cases of benzodiazepine overdose (a common type of sedative-hypnotic), an antidote such as flumazenil may be used to counteract the sedation. However, this is administered with caution due to the risk of seizures, particularly in individuals with a history of long-term benzodiazepine use or those concurrently using other CNS depressants.
Symptomatic treatment for issues like low blood pressure, respiratory depression, and agitation is necessary. This treatment involves the use of fluids, medications to support cardiovascular function, and, occasionally, sedatives to manage severe agitation or psychosis. Careful management is required to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, where vomit is breathed into the lungs.
It is essential to provide supportive care and long-term treatment plans, including detoxification, therapy, and rehabilitation, to address substance abuse issues.
What Are The Types Of Sedative Hypnotics?
Eight types of sedative hydroponics are benzodiazepines, barbiturates, non-benzodiazepines, antihistamines, chloral hydrate, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, melatonin receptor agonists, and orexin receptor agonists.
According to the Addiction Center, The most common prescription Stimulants are Amphetamines, Methylphenidates, and Dextroamphetamines.
- Benzodiazepines
- Alprazolam
- Lorazepam
- Diazepam
- Clonazepam
- Temazepam
- Barbiturates
- Phenobarbital
- Pentobarbital
- Secobarbital
- Amobarbital
- Butabarbital
- Non-benzodiazepine sleep medications (Z-drugs)
- Zolpidem
- Zaleplon
- Eszopiclone
- Antihistamines (used primarily for their sedative properties)
- Diphenhydramine
- Doxylamine
- Chloral Hydrate
- Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
- Melatonin receptor agonists
- Ramelteon
- Orexin receptor antagonists
- Suvorexant
What Are The Prevalence Statistics On Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction?
According to Renee D. Goodwin et al. 2022, Sedative use and misuse in the United States;
- The lifetime prevalence of self-perceived sedative dependence was 0.5%, 7.1% reported non-prescribed sedative use, and 17.0% had been prescribed sedatives and denied misuse.
- Individuals who used sedatives without a prescription were more likely to be male, have lower income, more education, major depression, agoraphobia, and suicidal ideation.
- Data from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health show that the misuse of prescription psychotherapeutic drugs is second only to marijuana as the nation’s most prevalent illicit drug use issue.
What Are The Treatment Options For Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction?
According to the American Addiction Center, six Treatment options for sedative-hypnotic addiction include detoxification, pharmacotherapy, behavioral therapy, support groups, outpatient treatment programs, and aftercare programs. Sedative hypnotic addiction treatments are multifaceted and tailored to the individual’s needs.
- Medical Detoxification: The first step in treating sedative-hypnotic addiction involves a medically supervised detox program. This step ensures safe withdrawal, which is life-threatening. Tapering the drug gradually under medical supervision helps minimize withdrawal symptoms.
- Pharmacotherapy: In some cases, medications are used to ease withdrawal symptoms, manage co-occurring disorders, and prevent relapse. For instance, long-acting benzodiazepines may be used to taper a person off a short-acting benzodiazepine dependence.
- Counseling and Behavioral Therapies: Individual or group counseling provides support, education, and guidance throughout the recovery process. Motivational interviewing is also commonly used to enhance motivation towards recovery.
- Support Groups: Peer support groups or specialized support groups for sedative abuse provide a community of individuals facing similar challenges, offering support and accountability.
- Inpatient or Residential Treatment: These programs offer structured treatment environments necessary for individuals with severe addiction.
- Aftercare and Relapse Prevention: Ongoing support and maintenance therapies, including lifestyle changes, continuous treatment, and support group meetings, are crucial to maintaining sobriety and preventing relapse.
According to Anikit Jain’s 2023 study titled ‘Sedative, Hypnotic, Anxiolytic Use Disorders Treatment & Management,’ Effective treatment requires a thorough evaluation of the patient’s underlying psychiatric problems and the development of long-term treatment plans. Family counseling should be completed to focus on the family’s role in helping the patient develop a successful long-term treatment plan. Other treatment options include;
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This therapy aids individuals in identifying and changing bad behaviors that contribute to addiction and developing other coping mechanisms.
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): this therapy is beneficial for individuals with high emotional distress or concurrent mental health disorders. DBT teaches skills to manage stress, regulate emotions, and improve relationships.
- Outpatient Treatment Programs: These programs allow individuals struggling with addiction to continue living at home while receiving treatment and support through scheduled visits to a treatment center.
What Are Sedative Hypnotics Typically Prescribed For?
Sedative hypnotics are usually prescribed to treat anxiety, insomnia, and certain seizure disorders due to their calming effects on the central nervous system.
How Are The Effects Of Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction And Cocaine Addiction Different Or Similar?
Sedative-hypnotic addiction results in depressive effects such as drowsiness and slowed bodily functions, while cocaine addiction causes stimulative effects, including increased energy and heightened alertness. Both addictions lead to severe psychological dependence and behavioral changes, impacting mental health and growing risky behaviors despite adverse consequences.
What Makes Sedative Hypnotics Addictive?
Sedative hypnotics can be addictive because they create a sense of euphoria and relaxation, which can lead to misuse and dependency as individuals seek to recreate these feelings.
How Can I Recognize If Someone Is Addicted To Sedative Hypnotics?
Signs of addiction include increased tolerance, withdrawal symptoms when not using the drug, neglect of responsibilities, and seeking prescriptions from multiple doctors.
Are There Non-Addictive Alternatives To Sedative Hypnotics For Treating Anxiety Or Insomnia?
Yes, there are non-addictive alternatives, such as certain antidepressants, behavioral therapies, and lifestyle changes, that can effectively manage anxiety or insomnia.
What Role Does Therapy Play In Treating Sedative Hypnotic Addiction?
Therapy helps individuals understand the underlying causes of their addiction, develop coping strategies, and address any co-occurring mental health issues.
What Are The Legal Consequences For Using And Selling Sedative-Hypnotic?
The legal consequences for using sedative hypnotics without a prescription or selling them illegally include fines, imprisonment, and a criminal record. Severity depends on the quantity of the drug involved and the jurisdiction’s specific laws.
Can Sedative Hypnotic Addiction Affect Mental Health?
Yes, long-term use can lead to depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment, significantly impacting an individual’s mental health.
How do public health strategies for preventing inhalant addiction differ from those for steroid and sedative-hypnotic addictions?
Public health strategies for preventing inhalant addiction often focus on education and community outreach, particularly targeting young people in schools and community centers. These programs aim to raise awareness about the dangers of inhalant use and provide healthy alternatives for coping with stress and peer pressure. In contrast, preventing steroid addiction involves targeting specific populations such as athletes and bodybuilders, providing education on the risks of steroid use, and promoting natural methods for enhancing performance and body image. Strategies for preventing sedative-hypnotic addiction include monitoring prescription practices, educating healthcare providers on the risks of dependency, and promoting alternative treatments for anxiety and insomnia.
What Are The Different Slang Names For Sedative-Hypnotic?
Common slang names for sedative-hypnotics, particularly benzodiazepines, include “benzos,” “downers,” “tranks,” or specific to drugs like Xanax, “bars,” “zannies,” and “blue footballs.”
What Should One Do If They Suspect A Loved One Is Addicted To Sedative Hypnotics?
If you suspect a loved one is addicted, encourage them to seek professional help. Support them in finding a treatment program and offer emotional support throughout their recovery process.
What Are The Different Forms Of Sedative-Hypnotic?
Sedative hypnotics come in various forms, including tablets, capsules, liquid solutions, and injectables. These forms are prescribed based on the specific medical need, the desired speed of drug effect, and the duration of action required.
What are the risks of combining sedative-hypnotics with opioids like Tramadol, and how can these risks be mitigated in treatment?
Combining sedative-hypnotics with opioids like Tramadol presents significant risks due to the synergistic depressant effects on the central nervous system. This combination can lead to severe respiratory depression, increased sedation, and a higher risk of fatal overdose. In treatment, it is essential to manage these risks through careful medical supervision during detoxification, gradual tapering of the drugs, and comprehensive monitoring. Integrating behavioral therapies and medication-assisted treatments can help mitigate withdrawal symptoms and reduce the likelihood of relapse. Education on the dangers of poly-substance use is also crucial for preventing these high-risk behaviors.
What Are The Law Enforcement Efforts And Legal Implications Of Sedative-Hypnotic?
Law enforcement efforts to control sedative-hypnotic abuse include monitoring and regulating prescriptions, cracking down on illegal distribution, and conducting operations against unauthorized manufacturing. Legal implications for misuse involve charges ranging from possession to trafficking, depending on the amount and intent.